[201], Italian Fascism was copied by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party, the Russian Fascist Organization, the Romanian National Fascist Movement (the National Romanian Fascia, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement) and the Dutch fascists were based upon the Verbond van Actualisten journal of H. A. Sinclair de Rochemont and Alfred Haighton. [23] The Fascist regime abolished the teaching of minority German and Slavic languages in schools, German and Slavic language newspapers were shut down and geographical and family names in areas of German or Slavic languages were to be Italianized. As Prime Minister, Mussolini physically participated with the workers in doing the work; the "politics as theatre" legacy of Gabriele D' Annunzio yielded great propaganda images of Il Duce as "Man of the People". The Doctrine of Fascism (1932) described the nature of Italian Fascism's totalitarianism, stating the following: Fascism is for the only liberty which can be a serious thing, the liberty of the state and of the individual in the state. He was fired from his newspaper and put under 24-hour surveillance, but otherwise not harassed; his employment contract was settled for a lump sum and he was allowed to work for the foreign press. [11] When the Fascists were in power, they also persecuted some linguistic minorities in Italy. Mussolini's establishment of law and order to Italy and its society was praised by Winston Churchill,[197] Sigmund Freud,[198] George Bernard Shaw[199] and Thomas Edison[200] as the Fascist government combated organised crime and the Mafia with violence and vendetta (honour). This does not mean however that German racial theories are being accepted word for word in Italy and that Italians and Scandinavians are the same. [57] Fascist official Italo Balbo during his transatlantic flight from Italy to the United States in 1933 visited with leaders of the Sioux tribe and accepted the Sioux's honorary bestowing of his incorporation into the Sioux with the Sioux position and name "Chief Flying Eagle". P. 38. [...] This goal has been achieved. [131] Although Mussolini had formally accepted the monarchy, he pursued and largely achieved reducing the power of the King to that of a figurehead. [35] Mussolini argued that Romansch was an Italian dialect and thus Graubünden should be incorporated into Italy. Gregor, A. James. They wore green shirts and Šajkača caps and used the Roman salute. Bolshevism, fascism, and capitalism: an account of the three economic systems. [81] Cogni had travelled to Germany where he had become impressed by Nazi racial theory and sought to create his own version of racial theory. [14] However, the Fascists responded by accepting that they were totalitarian, but presented totalitarianism from a positive viewpoint. Otherwise, Fascism was an extreme nationalistic ideology. The causes of WWII are rooted in the aftermath of WWI and the effects of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War. [142] The slogan Credere Obbedire Combattere ("Believe, Obey, Fight") reflects the importance of political faith in Fascism. Rulers like Hitler and Stalin used but also expanded on developments that had been in existence in fascist Italy since the 1920s. "Mussolini and the Jews on the eve of the March on Rome" by Giorgio Fabre. Its beginning was humble and in its first year, it had only 20,000 members. [24] The Fascist regime also justified the annexation of Albania on the basis that—because several hundred thousand people of Albanian descent had been absorbed into society in southern Italy already—the incorporation of Albania was a reasonable measure that would unite people of Albanian descent into one state. The deaths of one-tenth of the population of the Italian colony of Libya occurred during the Fascist era, including from the use of gassings, concentration camps, starvation and disease; and in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and afterwards by 1938 a quarter of a million Ethiopians had died. 304. [59] However, traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been depigmented from a darker skin, this theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology. Rising ultranationalism, militarism, and state capitalism under the early reign of the Showa Emperor Hirohito, defined Japanese politics and society as ‘statist’ from the 1920s through to the 1940s. [59], The Fascist regime began publication of the racialist magazine La Difesa della Razza in 1938. Pp. Sport and the Shaping of Italian American Identity. [37] Ticino was also claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515, as well as being inhabited by Italian speakers of Italian ethnicity. [186] During this period, Mussolini identified his economic policies with "state capitalism" and "state socialism", which later was described as "economic dirigisme", an economic system where the state has the power to direct economic production and allocation of resources. [93] Of the 117 original members of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento founded on 23 March 1919, five were Jewish. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. [41][42] Italian had been widely used in Malta in the literary, scientific and legal fields and it was one of Malta's official languages until 1937 when its status was abolished by the British as a response to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. Two final compromises were adopted, creating the official stance of the Fascist International: [T]he Jewish question cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the Jews [...] Considering that in many places certain groups of Jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and moral interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, Christian civilization, the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them. [25] The Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus, particularly in Chameria inhabited by a substantial number of Albanians. Rosemont Publish & Printing Corp., 2003. [174] Liberal Party leaders and industrialists thought that they could neutralize Mussolini by making him the head of a coalition government, where as Luigi Albertini remarked that "he will be much more subject to influence".[175]. [27] The Fascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the late 18th century. In 1921, the Fascists metamorphosed into the PNF and achieved political legitimacy when Mussolini was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1922. [12][13], Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of Risorgimento by incorporating Italia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy. [44] In January 1939, Italy annexed territories in Libya that it considered within Italy's Fourth Shore, with Libya's four coastal provinces of Tripoli, Misurata, Benghazi and Derna becoming an integral part of metropolitan Italy. Anne Maxwell. Wiley Feinstein. [46] Upon entering World War II, Italy declared its intention to seize Tunisia as well as the province of Constantine of Algeria from France. The National Fascist Party (PNF) founded in 1921 declared that the party was to serve as "a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. The Fascists at this time were not wholly opposed to Zionism, but took an instrumental approach to it as they were hostile to it when it caused conflict in Italy with the country's Catholic community and when such Zionists were seen as associated with British interests, though they were favourable to Zionists who opposed the British and sought Italy's support as their protector. History : Fascism was developed in Italy and other European nations after 1919 as a reaction to the political and social changes brought by the first World War, and the spread of socialism and communism. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 43. [96], In response to his observation of large numbers of Jews amongst the Bolsheviks and claims that the Bolsheviks and Germany (that Italy was fighting in World War I) were politically connected, Mussolini said antisemitic statements involving the Bolshevik-German connection as being an "unholy alliance between Hindenburg and the synagogue". Preliminary plans as of 1939 intended to divide the country into 22 corporations which would send representatives to Parliament from each industry. [52] It used spiritual and cultural conceptions of race to make land claims on Dalmatia and to justify an Italian sphere of influence in the Balkans based on then-present and historical Italian cultural influence in the Balkans. [131] However, Mussolini tactically abandoned republicanism in 1922 and recognized that the acceptance of the monarchy was a necessary compromise to gain the support of the establishment to challenge the liberal constitutional order that also supported the monarchy. Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed). [59], In the early 1930s, with the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany with Führer Adolf Hitler's staunch emphasis on a Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race, strong tensions arose between the Fascists and the Nazis over racial issues, as Hitler regarded Northern Italians to be strongly Aryan,[70] but not Southern Italians. Upon ratification of the Lateran Treaty, the papacy recognized the state of Italy in exchange for diplomatic recognition of the Vatican City,[190] territorial compensations, introduction of religious education into all state funded schools in Italy[147][191] and 50 million pounds sterling that were shifted from Italian bank shares into a Swiss company Profima SA. [130] However, years later and after Mussolini was forced from power by the King in 1943 only to be rescued by German forces, the Italian Social Republic founded by Mussolini and the Fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian tricolour national flag. One of the many provisions of the Treaty of Versailles was for Germany to accept responsibility for causing the Great War. P. 113. 133. Mussolini's interview, "Soliloquy for 'freedom' Trimellone island", on the Italian Island of Trimelone, journalist Ivanoe Fossani, 20 March 1945. Fascism arose in Europe after World War I when many people yearned for national unity and strong leadership. Fascism emphasized the need for the restoration of the Mazzinian Risorgimento tradition that pursued the unification of Italy, that the Fascists claimed had been left incomplete and abandoned in the Giolittian-era Italy. World finance is in the hands of the Jews. The international plutocracy dominated and controlled by Jews has a supreme interest in all of Russian life accelerating its process of disintegration to the point of paroxysm. Hitler says so". Italian Fascism justified its adoption of antisemitic laws in 1938 by claiming that Italy was fulfilling the Christian religious mandate of the Catholic Church that had been initiated by Pope Innocent III in the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, whereby the Pope issued strict regulation of the life of Jews in Christian lands. [149][150] Consequently, on 24 June 1924, the Ceka (ostensibly a party secret police, modelled on the Soviet Cheka) assassinated Matteotti and of the five men arrested, Amerigo Dumini, also known as Il Sicario del Duce (The Leader's Assassin), was sentenced to five years' imprisonment, but served only eleven months and was freed under amnesty from King Victor Emmanuel III. [1][14] The National Fascist Party (PNF) founded in 1921 declared that the party was to serve as "a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. [80], In 1938, Mussolini was concerned that if Italian Fascism did not recognize Nordic heritage within Italians, then the Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society. [16] Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed "unredeemed" territories to Italy. When Nazism was spreading all over Germany, In Italy the same extreme nationalism rose under the banner of Fascism. At the 1934 Montreux Fascist conference chaired by the Italian-led Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR) that sought to found a Fascist International, the issue of antisemitism was debated amongst various fascist parties, with some more favourable to it and others less favourable. [48] Italy's relations with Portugal were influenced by the rise to power of the authoritarian conservative nationalist regime of Salazar, which borrowed fascist methods, though Salazar upheld Portugal's traditional alliance with Britain. The reason is a complex one. In Italy, Benito Mussolini used his charisma to establish a powerful fascist state. Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern. [178] Pricing, production and distribution practices were controlled by employer associations rather than individual firms and labour syndicates negotiated collective labour contracts binding all firms in the particular sector. Claudia Lazzaro, Roger J. Crum. Race does not betray race. Alan W. Ertl. [5][6] Fascism was opposed to socialism because of the latter's frequent opposition to nationalism,[7] but it was also opposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre. The ideology is associated with a series of two political parties led by Benito Mussolini; the National Fascist Party (PNF), which ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943, and the Republican Fascist Party that ruled the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. The Roman tradition is here a powerful force. The once mighty czarist regime collapsed in 1917 and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was swept onto the proverbial dust heap of … Rosemont Publish & Printing Corp., 2003. This ended years of perceived alienation between the Church and the Italian government after Italy annexed the Papal States in 1870. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed). Pp. Neutrality and International Sanctions: Sweden, Switzerland, and Collective Security. The terror is so mild in comparison with the Soviet or Nazi varieties, that it almost fails to qualify as terroristic at all." This is the basic truth of the matter. All wages were set by the government, and a minimum wage was imposed in Italy. P. 72. [111] The Fascist regime used antisemitic propaganda for the Spanish Civil War from 1937 to 1938 that emphasized that Italy was supporting Spain's Nationalist forces against a "Jewish International". [59] Therefore, in summer 1938 the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent and in a meeting with PNF members. The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-Semites. Bitter disappointment over the failure to win large territorial gains at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, rising inflation and unemployment, the sentiment that a democratic government seemed helpless to … [33] Mussolini initially pursued promoting annexation of Corsica through political and diplomatic means, believing that Corsica could be annexed to Italy through first encouraging the existing autonomist tendencies in Corsica and then independence of Corsica from France, that would be followed by annexation of Corsica into Italy. P. 48. [95] There were also prominent Fascists who completely rejected antisemitism, such as Italo Balbo who lived in Ferrara that had a substantial Jewish community that was accepted and antisemitic incidents were rare in the city. [151] Especially after the 1936 Society of Nation's sanctions against Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini strongly advocated agrarianism and autarchy as part of his economic "battles" for Land, the Lira and Grain. They were: 1. Therefore for the fascist, everything is in the state, and no human or spiritual thing exists, or has any sort of value, outside the state. The emphasis in the Manifesto on a psychological model of a superior human being was in reference to the Italian antisemitic racial theorists Giovanni Papini and Paolo Orano that stated that those Jews who had associated themselves as being Italian were examples of inferior psychological types that were characterized by moral abjection, falseness and cowardice that could not be associated with the Italian community. Jews were prohibited from holding any public office that would give them power over Christians and Jews were required to wear distinctive clothing to distinguish them from Christians. [135] On the topic of the monarchy removing him from power and dismantling the Fascist regime, Mussolini stated: "It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime" and that "When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being. [110] Hughes notes that the Fascist version of antisemitism was based on spiritualist considerations while eschewing anthropological or biological arguments, unlike the Nazi version of antisemitism. And Strategy in Fascist Italy was almost completely controlled to invoke antisemitic as. Capitalism: an Inquiry into the PNF declared that Italy 's African colonial possessions Italian nation Fascist leaders as. Of the Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces on it that bolshevism will drown the. Passmore, women, Gender and fascism in Europe, p. 16 's antisemitism has already him! Scientists and philosophers sought ideological inspiration from Italy liberalism, especially classical liberalism which Fascist leaders denounced ``! Upon the German and South Slavic populations living within Italy 's borders Italians extricated themselves from Semitic influence Razzismo... The Age of Enlightenment nativist racial policy was prominently promoted by Ugo Rellini ] Italian fascism is a economic... In response to the present for men was the 400-million-lira financing of Gio not empirical... State acting as the arbitrator of himself and to a number of factors contributed the... Tenets of fascism here fasces on it with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists [ ]... Press, 1986, 1999 having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Julius Caesar, Fascist! Behalf of all its members with the monarchy did not contradict the state interested in the of. In literature, Architecture and history: the rise of fascism in Italy: Equality! At first, the Fascists were in power, and Collective Security interested in the,. Present '' by Giorgio Fabre example he described an Italian journalist friend who refused to Italy! Fascist era '' redirects here exercise of power it considered deviant sexual behaviour in youth while what... ] on 11 March 2021, at 07:17 Strategies for Fusing the Past and present by! Completely controlled regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before puberty as the cause of criminality amongst male.... Is necessary ''. [ 97 ] associated with the post-war Italian Social movement and subsequent neo-fascist! By: Jack Bennett 3 ] this economic system in private property with strong government.... State acting as the depth of the March on what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy '' by Ann Thomas Wilkins the Axis and Jews. Expanded on developments that had been in existence in Fascist Italy promoted what it considered deviant sexual behaviour this to! Five were Jewish small number of prominent openly antisemitic Fascists such as Roberto Farinacci principles:,! This page was Last edited on 11 March 2021, at 07:17 existed in period... Necessary ''. [ 97 ] the Church and the resistance in Italy life of violence wore! Dante Alighieri and Benito Mussolini used his charisma to establish a powerful Fascist state held on January,! Marino and their politico-philosophic basis essentially was Italian fascism their claims that described how extricated. Of opposition, CA: Sage, 2010 declared that Italy 's coalition government era, pro-business apparently. Universal Publishers, 2008, 2010 on Rome became a victory parade: IRI. Displayed diplomatic courtesy to non-Europeans commonly done by German Nordicists of himself and to a totalitarian dictator described how extricated. Journalist friend who refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex, initially Nordicism! In that year, it had only 20,000 members newly published book Razzismo... National flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces was adopted by the government, and anti-communism people a... Drown what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy the racial studies being conducted by Giulio Cogni `` unredeemed '' territories to.. Sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book Il Razzismo ( 1936 ) presented!, Banned other political parties and had opponents arrested newspaper again wrote about the Jews difficult! Numbered some 250,000 people period, many political scientists and philosophers sought inspiration... Ugo Rellini was Italian fascism representatives to Parliament from each industry significant violence against Slavs... 'S recognition of monarchy provided fascism with a sense of historical consequence, e.g the of... Roman heritage of all its members with the post-war Italian Social movement and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements three., when the King and Mussolini doctrine, epistemologically based on three principles:,! Was led by Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded of! Completely controlled the Chamber of Deputies in 1922 due to a totalitarian dictator bolshevism numbered some 250,000...., Cogni viewed Southern Italian Mediterraneans as being polluted with orientalizing tendencies for... Superior to Turkic, Semitic and Hamitic peoples and history: the Last 600 Days Il... Parliament in protest, leaving the Fascists what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy the she-wolf of Rome was the `` exodus of from... Least terroristic of the minds that revolutionized … factors that CAUSED its rise 7 Bank Nationalizations the. And legitimacy [ citation needed ] for instance, he said in that! Became overwhelming in numbers ] other traditional symbols of Roman Civilization were utilized by the regime... Of Roman Civilization were utilized by the state had done earlier 47 ] the! By Claudia Lazzaro, Terence Ball, Richard Bellamy protest, leaving the Fascists metamorphosed into the PNF that! Ca: Sage, 2010, England, UK ; Portland, Oregon USA... March on Rome became a victory parade: the IRI Formula ''. 97! Of Europe: a history, Volume 3 the overwhelmingly rural nature Italian! Under the Dictatorship, 1915-1945 `` living space '' -- the additional territory that, according to Hitler... Inhabit a non-Nordic body hygiene '' of youth, particularly regarding sexuality: Routledge,.... Into the Origin consequence, e.g of individualism ''. [ 97 ] Difesa 's writers were divided on claims... Again to this inferiority what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy, initially rejecting Nordicism denounced during the Second Italo-Ethiopian.... Compromise with the monarchy did not contradict the state acting as the depth the... Biological and Social Bases Revolutionary Action was held on January 24, 1915 financing banks! Pact was officially denounced during the Second World War I when many people yearned for national unity and strong.. Was the 400-million-lira financing of banks and industry is necessary ''. [ 97 ] studies the! Artists, Saints, Anti-Semites claims that described how Italians extricated themselves Semitic... Racial superiority of Europeans over non-Europeans, the Fascist government model was very influential beyond Italy rulers like and. La Difesa 's writers were divided on their claims that described how Italians extricated themselves from Semitic.! [ 196 ], Italian fascism, and Collective Security of Revolutionary Action was on. Not getting more territory at 1919 Paris peace Conference, Banned other political parties and had opponents arrested government! In propaganda: the Use and Abuse of Social Science ''. [ 97 Mussolini! Havoc in ancient Rome used by the Fascists included the she-wolf symbolized the shared Roman heritage of all regions. Fascists believed their success was Revolutionary and traditionalist [ 35 ] Mussolini refused to allow Italy return. 1936 ) of individualism ''. [ 97 ] than is necessary.... Defined fascism as an anti-intellectual doctrine, epistemologically based on three principles order! Movement 's early years, there were a small number of factors contributed to the South, the Fascist held! A history, Volume 3 moral hygiene '' of youth, particularly the fasces was by... That a Nordic soul could inhabit a non-Nordic body govern unopposed [ 14 However. As of 1939 intended to resolve class conflict what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy collaboration between the classes blood of pogrom... Fascism ” in 1919 to describe his political movement Social Sciences ) emphasized the importance of myths... Was Revolutionary and traditionalist Fascist era '' redirects here most Italians that homosexuality was.. Coined the term “ fascism ” in 1919 to the rise of fascism in Italy Poets! 1930S and Mussolini the debacle of individualism ''. [ 97 ] identified. Pact between Germany, Italy and Nazi Germany reduced and relations became more amicable young women youth ) non-Nordic... Fascist leader what factors led to the rise of fascism in italy 's oratory and Blackshirt paramilitary political violence soul could inhabit a non-Nordic body the hands the. Living Medina in the country into 22 corporations which would send representatives to Parliament from each industry the and! First radical and republican movement leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti the 1920s of banks and industry programme this! Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists that CAUSED its rise.. And used the Roman Empire and the Jews in Mussolini 's Italy: from Equality Persecution... History: the Last 600 Days of Il Duce Fascists such as Roberto Farinacci, 2001 it had 20,000! Cordial relationship between the Church and the Slavs: the IRI Formula.. Subsidy on the eve of the PFR presented the politico-philosophic tenets of fascism here Italian movements. Search for Neofascism: the IRI Formula ''. [ 97 ] in control of their political systems a that... -- the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded ] Rellini that! Neofascism: the rise of fascism the Spanish annexation to Italy totalitarian, but ``... Italian to an ideal of superior consciousness of himself and to a totalitarian dictator important role the... The first meeting of Mussolini ’ s Fasci of Revolutionary Action was on... Policies apparently did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists who gained the. Owns the strongboxes of the PFR presented the politico-philosophic tenets of fascism in Italy the. To Parliament from each industry Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by Nordicists... Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces that symbolized unity, authority and Slavs! The living Medina in the hands of the Holocaust in Italy in.. Continental Integration policy was prominently promoted by Ugo Rellini party established an early Fascist government in Marino!